The subject of storm chaser traffic problems is a perceived "menace" popular in news articles - always made to sound worse than it actually is, and cited to happen many times more than it actually does. Even so, it's true that chaser traffic can, on rare occasion, create a problem. So, I thought it might be helpful to approach this in an objective manner. In this article, I'll attempt to develop a method to both quantify and predict the impacts from chaser traffic. With this in mind, I propose the Chaser Traffic Index or CTI.
The CTI (Chaser Traffic Index) Scale
Value
Number of Chasers; Impact
Incidence
CTI-0
No other chasers encountered. No impacts.
Routine
CTI-1
Less than 20 chasers encountered. No impacts.
CTI-2
Less than 40 chasers encountered. Short waits to re-enter traffic. Some pull-offs taken. No impact to EMS/LEO.
CTI-3
Less than 60 chasers encountered. Waits of 15 to 30 seconds to re-enter traffic. Most pull-offs taken. No impact to EMS/LEO.
CTI-4
More than 60 chasers encountered. Lines of vehicles at least 1/2 mile long. Waits of more than 30 seconds to re-enter traffic. All pull-offs taken. Minor jams on secondary dirt roads from parked vehicles. Minor impact to EMS/LEO.
2 to 4 events/year
CTI-5
More than 100 chasers encountered. Lines of vehicles at least 1 mile long. Waits of more than 1 minute to re-enter traffic. All pull-offs taken. EMS/LEO slowed by having to pass multiple vehicles. A few moderate jams on secondary dirt roads from parked vehicles.
Once every 1 to 2 years
CTI-6
More than 150 chasers encountered. Lines of vehicles at least 2 miles long. Waits of more than 2 minutes to re-enter traffic. All pull-offs taken. A few secondary dirt roads blocked by parked vehicles. Delays of more than 2 minutes at stop signs, towns or traffic lights. Ability to keep up with storm slightly impacted. EMS/LEO response time slowed by more than 5 minutes.
Once every 2 to 3 years
CTI-7
More than 200 chasers encountered. Endless lines of chasers. Waits of more than 4 minutes to re-enter traffic. All pull-offs taken. Delays of more than 5 minutes at stop signs, towns or traffic lights. Many secondary dirt roads blocked by parked or stuck vehicles. Ability to keep up with storm moderately impacted. EMS/LEO response time doubled.
Once every 5 years or more
CTI-8
More than 300 chasers encountered. Endless lines of chasers. Unable to re-enter traffic without someone slowing to form a gap out of courtesy. All pull-offs taken. Delays of more than 10 minutes at stop signs, towns or traffic lights. Ability to keep up with storm severely impacted. Most secondary dirt roads blocked by parked or stuck vehicles. EMS/LEO response time tripled.
Once every 10 years or more
CTI-9
Countless chaser vehicles. Endless lines of chasers. Gridlock starting at first tornadogenesis. Chasing impossible less than 30 minutes after storm initiation. All secondary dirt roads blocked by parked or stuck vehicles. EMS/LEO cannot reach storm victims.
Theoretical, no known cases
CTI-10
Endless lines of chasers. Gridlock starting at storm initiation. Chasing impossible. All secondary dirt roads blocked. EMS/LEO cannot reach storm victims.
Forecast CTI formula and calculation
We know the factors that are directly related to chaser traffic: time of year, day of the week, level of tornado risk and proximity to a large population center. Higher chaser/"curious local resident" numbers result from one or more of the following:
Event occurring on a weekend or holiday
Event occuring close to/during peak tornado season
Close proximity to a major city*
In the Southern Plains region
Less than 3 dominant supercell thunderstorms
High-end SPC categorical risk
Event forecast days in advance
Event in an area with limited roads
*In a major metro area, local residents can make up more than 75% of chaser traffic
Taking all of these factors into account, a proposed formula for calculating expected CTI would be:
Where (T) is the number of dominant, mature tornadic supercells within the risk area
Where (R) is the character of the local road network:
Mostly-passable roads (paved, gravel, dry dirt) in a 1 to 2-mile grid = -1
1-2 mile grid with some roads muddy = 0
No grid or irregular grid, some roads impassable = 1
No grid, with "choke points" (sparse river crossings or difficult terrain) = 2
The maximum theoretical CTI would then be 13, which would occur:
on a weekend or holiday
in May
inside of a SPC high risk
close to a major city
in the southern Plains
one dominant supercell
Event forecast 2 or more days out
Event in an area with a "choke points" in the road network (such as along a major river)
The minimum would be zero (even if the calculated CTI was below zero).
Method for dynamically calculating CTI
Some form of CTI could be dynamically derived using STP (significant tornado parameter), SCP (supercell composite parameter), simulated reflectivity and proximity to major metro areas. This needs some refining, but a possible formula might be:
((STP+SCP)/T) * 50/DIST = CTI
STP = significant tornado parameter for the given point
SCP = supercell composite parameter for the given point
DIST = distance of the given point from the geographic center of Oklahoma City, Kansas City, Dallas/Fort Worth or Wichita
T = total number of dominant supercell storms region-wide
It might be possible to incorporate the other factors in the original formula into the derived one to improve accuracy, but I haven't made it that far.
Observed CTI of past storm chasing events
Now that we have a way to quantify chaser traffic, we can classify past events and see what the true impacts of chaser traffic are in the Great Plains. That is, that the more serious instances are rare:
Observed Storm Chaser Traffic
Event
CTI
May 19, 2010 - C Oklahoma
CTI-7
April 14, 2012 - C Kansas
CTI-6
May 21, 2014 - E Colorado
CTI-5
May 16, 2015 - S Oklahoma
CTI-5
May 10, 2010 - Oklahoma
CTI-4
April 23, 2007 - Kansas
CTI-4
May 5, 2007 - Kansas
CTI-3
June 12, 2005 - Texa
CTI-3
June 12, 2004 - Kansas
CTI-3
May 4, 2007 - Kansas
CTI-3
April 14, 2012 - NW Oklahoma
CTI-3
May 31, 2013 - C Oklahoma
CTI-3
May 12, 2004 - Kansas
CTI-2
June 9, 2005 - Kansas
CTI-2
May 18, 2013 - C Kansas
CTI-2
May 28, 2013 - C Kansas
CTI-2
April 13, 2012 - SW Oklahoma
CTI-2
April 12, 2012 - NW Kansas
CTI-1
April 22, 2011 - Missouri
CTI-1
May 29, 2004 - Oklahoma
CTI-1
June 11, 2004 - Iowa
CTI-1
April 19, 2011 - Illinois
CTI-0
The average CTI for a typical Great Plains event during peak tornado season ranges from 2 to 4. A CTI-5 event occurs on average once a year, with a CTI-6 happening roughly once every 3 years. In the history of storm chasing, to my knowledge there has only been one event that would classify as a CTI-7 or CTI-8 - the May 19, 2010 event northwest of Oklahoma City.
Visual examples
CTI-2: Bennington, Kansas - May 28, 2013 [ Video clip ]
CTI-5: Deer Trail, Colorado - May 21, 2015 [ Video clip ]
CTI-7 to CTI-8: Hennessey, OK - May 19, 2010: This event was the worst case of chaser traffic ever documented, and the only incidence of a CTI-7 or CTI-8 in storm chasing history. A combination of 40 to 50 VORTEX2 research vehicles, the active Discovery Storm Chasers TV show, a High Risk tornado event near Oklahoma City in mid-May, and a single tornadic supercell combined to concentrate high chaser numbers in a very small area. Link 1, Link 2, Link 3
I'd be interested to hear how you would rank chaser traffic for specific events using this scale, and if you have any suggestions on improving the formula. I'd also appreciate links to more visual examples (photos and videos) that you may have. Please feel free to post in the comments.
The following comments were posted before this site switched to a new comment system on August 27, 2016:
Love it! Well done Dan!I hope to see this system adopted by traffic flow researchers worldwide! :-)
A thought: Perhaps similar methodology could be used to create a "DSPPGI" (Drive South Public Panic Gridlock Index)? :-) - Posted by Derek
